Table 4 Aetiology of radiologically confirmed pneumonia in Malawian children in 2011 using different laboratory methods

	No.	HIV+ (%)	Blood culture	Lung aspirate culture	Lung aspirate latex	Lung aspirate PCR
Bacterial aeteology
Total	45		8	2	4	36
Streptococcus pneumoniae	37	68	6	1	3	31
Streptococcus pneumoniae / Streptococcus typhimurium	2	0	2	1	0	NT
Haemophilus infuenzae type b	6	67	0	0	1	5
Viral aeteology
Total	24		NT	NT	NT	24
Adenovirus	15	53	NT	NT	NT	15
Bocavirus	4	50	NT	NT	NT	4
Cytomegalovirus	3	100	NT	NT	NT	3
Atypical
Chlamydia pneumoniae	2	0	NT	NT	NT	2
Mycoplasma pneumoniae	0		NT	NT	NT	0
Pneumocystis jirovecii	3	100	NT	NT	NT	3

NT, not tested; PCP, pneumocystis pneumonia; Hib, Haemophilus infuenzae type b; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction
Bacteria: 2 patients had mixed infection with S. typhimurium and S. pneumoniae; 1 had S. typhimurium from blood culture and S. pneumoniae from blood PCR, and adenovirus from lung aspirate PCR, 1 had S. typhimurium from blood and lung aspirate culture and S. pneumoniae from lung aspirate PCR, 7 had S. pneumoniae/adenovirus, 1 had S. pneumoniae/chlamydia, 1 case with S. pneumoniae had Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultured from nasopharyngeal aspirate after induced sputum.
Pneumocystis: 1 patient had PCP/Hib, 1 patient had PCP/CMV, 1 patient had PCP/adenovirus
Viruses: 1 adenovirus/CMV, 1 adenovirus/chlamydia, 1 bocavirus/CMV
Reproduced from Carrol et al [42]

ISSN: 2200-6133