Table 2 Univariate analysis of child specific and upper airway microbiological factors associated with clinical symptoms of WHO-defined clinical pneumonia in Central Australian Aboriginal children hospitalised with pneumonia (n = 145)
Variable, n in total cohort | Tachypnoea | Chest in-drawing | Tachypnoea and chest in-drawing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | OR (95% CI) | Yes | No | OR (95% CI) | Yes | No | OR (95% CI) | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
Age in months | |||||||||
0 to <12, n = 48 | 19 (36.5) | 29 (31.2) | 1.9 (0.7–5.3) | 19 (51.3) | 29 (26.9) | 3.8 (1.1–12.6) | 10 (45.5) | 38 (30.9) | 3.3 (0.7–16.3) |
12 to <24, n = 25 | 12 (23.1) | 13 (14.0) | 2.6 (0.8–8.5) | 6 (16.2) | 19 (17.6) | 1.8 (0.5–7.4) | 4 (18.2) | 21 (17.1) | 2.4 (0.4–14.3) |
24 to <60, n = 45 | 14 (26.9) | 31 (33.3) | 1.3 (0.4–3.7) | 8 (21.6) | 37 (34.3) | 1.2 (0.34.6) | 6 (27.3) | 39 (31.7) | 1.9 (0.4–10.3) |
≥60, n = 27 | 7 (13.5) | 20 (21.5) | Ref | 4 (10.8) | 23 (21.3) | Ref | 2 (9.1) | 25 (20.3) | Ref |
Antibiotics prior to admissiona | |||||||||
Yes, n = 24 | 5 (10.2) | 19 (22.1) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 5 (14.7) | 19 (18.8) | 0.7 (0.3–2.2) | 2 (10.0) | 22 (19.1) | 0.5 (0.1–2.2) |
No, n = 111 | 44 (89.8) | 67 (77.9) | Ref | 29 (85.3) | 82 (81.2) | Ref | 18 (90.0) | 93 (80.9) | Ref |
Fever ≥38.5°Ca | |||||||||
Yes, n = 48 | 21 (41.2) | 27 (29.0) | 1.7 (0.8–3.5) | 17 (47.2) | 31 (28.7) | 2.2 (1.0–4.8) | 11 (52.4) | 37 (30.1) | 2.56 (1.00–6.54) |
No, n = 96 | 30 (58.8) | 66 (71.0) | Ref | 19 (52.8) | 77 (71.3) | Ref | 10 (47.6) | 86 (69.9) | Ref |
Streptococcus pneumoniae present in NPS | |||||||||
Yes n = 93 | 34 (65.4) | 59 (63.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 24 (64.9) | 69 (63.9) | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 16 (72.7) | 77 (62.6) | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) |
No, n = 52 | 18 (34.6) | 34 (36.6) | Ref | 13 (35.1) | 39 (36.1) | Ref | 6 (27.7) | 46 (37.4) | Ref |
Haemophilus influenzae present in NPS | |||||||||
Yes, n = 111 | 42 (80.8) | 69 (74.2) | 1.5 (0.6–3.4) | 24 (64.9) | 87 (80.6) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 16 (72.7) | 95 (77.2) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) |
No, n = 34 | 10 (19.2) | 24 (25.8) | Ref | 13 (35.1) | 21 (19.4) | Ref | 6 (27.3) | 28 (22.8) | Ref |
Moraxella catarrhalis present in NPS | |||||||||
Yes, n = 102 | 35 (67.3) | 67 (72.0) | 0.80 (0.4–1.7) | 21 (56.8) | 81 (75.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.96) | 14 (63.6) | 88 (71.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) |
No, n = 43 | 17 (32.7) | 26 (28.0) | Ref | 16 (43.3) | 27 (25.0) | Ref | 8 (36.4) | 35 (28.5) | Ref |
Any bacteria present in NPSb | |||||||||
Yes, n = 133 | 48 (92.3) | 85 (91.4) | 1.1 (0.3–3.9) | 33 (89.2) | 100 (92.6) | 0.7 (0.2–3.2) | 21 (95.5) | 112 (91.1) | 2.1 (0.3–16.8) |
No, n = 12 | 4 (7.7) | 8 (8.6) | Ref | 4 (10.8) | 8 (7.4) | Ref | 1 (4.5) | 11 (8.9) | Ref |
Group A viruses present in NPS | |||||||||
Yes, n = 12 | 5 (9.6) | 7 (7.5) | 1.3 (0.3–5.1) | 5 (13.5) | 7 (6.5) | 2.2 (0.5–8.9) | 3 (13.6) | 9 (7.3) | 2.0 (0.3–9.0) |
No, n = 133 | 47 (90.4) | 86 (92.5) | Ref | 32 (86.5) | 101 (93.5) | Ref | 19 (86.4) | 114 (92.7) | Ref |
Group B virus in NPS | |||||||||
Yes, n = 47 | 16 (30.8) | 31 (33.3) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 11 (29.7) | 36 (33.3) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 7 (31.8) | 40 (32.5) | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) |
No, n = 98 | 36 (69.2) | 62 (66.7) | Ref | 26 (70.3) | 72 (66.7) | Ref | 15 (68.2) | 83 (67.5) | Ref |
Any virus present in NPSc | |||||||||
Yes, n = 54 | 19 (36.5) | 35 (37.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 15 (40.5) | 39 (36.1) | 1.2 (0.6–2.6) | 10 (45.5) | 44 (35.8) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) |
No, n = 91 | 33 (63.5) | 58 (62.4) | Ref | 22 (59.5) | 69 (63.9) | Ref | 12 (54.6) | 79 (64.2) | Ref |
Virus and bacteria co detected | |||||||||
Yes, n = 50 | 18 (34.6) | 32 (34.4) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 12 (32.4) | 38 (35.2) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 9 (40.9) | 41 (33.3) | 1.4 (0.6–3.5) |
No, n = 95 | 34 (65.4) | 61 (65.6) | Ref | 25 (67.6) | 70 (64.8) | Ref | 13 (59.1) | 82 (66.7) | Ref |