Fig. 1

Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence determinants and host immune responses associated with pneumococcal infection in an anatomical site-specific manner. S. pneumoniae virulence factors known to play a major role in pneumococcal colonisation and infection of the respiratory mucosa, systemic circulation, and the brain, are listed in the left panel with the respective site-specific anti-pneumococcal host responses displayed in the right panel. The role of host–pathogen molecular interaction in pneumococcal migration across the respiratory epithelial–endothelial barrier and the blood–brain barrier is also highlighted in anatomical context. PrtA, serine protease; PspA, pneumococcal surface protein A; AMPs, antimicrobial peptides; PdgA, N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase; Adr, O-acetyl transferase; IgA, immunoglobulin A; CbpA, choline binding protein A; ChoP, cell wall phosphorylcholine; PsrP, pneumococcal serine rich repeat protein; MSCRAMMs, microbial surface components recognising adhesive matrix molecules; PavA, pneumococcal adhesion and virulence A; PavB, pneumococcal adhesion and virulence B; CAZymes, carbohydrate-active enzymes; NanA, neuraminidase; BgaA, beta-galactosidase; StrH, beta-N-acetylgucosaminidase; Hyl, hyaluronate lysase; PhpA, histidine triad protein A; LytA, pneumococcal autolysin; Ply, pneumolysin; SpxB, pneumococcal pyruvate oxidase; EndA, endonuclease; sIgA, secretory IgA; CRP, C-Reactive protein; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; PAFR, platelet activating factor receptor; pIgR, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor; LR, laminin receptor