Table 1 Call to Action in the UK

Implement core research into CAP incidence and development of diagnostic tests

• Prospective, national community study of the true incidence of CAP in primary care

 o Incorporating representative centres from each major UK geographical region

• Prospective national study of the true incidence of CAP in secondary care

 o Involving ~5 representative centres; one in each major UK geographical region

• Develop simple, accurate, and affordable point-of-care diagnostic(s) for:

 o Differentiating viral vs. bacterial CAP to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use

 o Identifying causative pathogen to guide pathogen-directed antibiotic therapy

Investigate the true impact of CAP on AMR

• Role/scale of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the treatment of CAP in both primary and secondary care

• Contribution of inappropriate prescribing in CAP to the development of AMR

• Establish the effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship programs in terms of improved CAP outcomes and reduced AMR

• Comprehensive molecular diagnostic studies in patients with CAP to establish the incidence of antibiotic resistant pathogens and novel approaches to identify those requiring broad-spectrum antibiotic therapies

Implement appropriate immunization

• Institute appropriate vaccination strategy, including groups at risk, according to national recommendations