Table 1 Characteristics of study participants
Characteristics | All participants (total = 302) N (%) | Urban (n = 152) N (%) | Semi-rural (n = 150) N (%) | P value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | ||||
 Bandung | 100 (33.1) | 50 (32.9) | 50 (33.3) | 0.997 |
 Lombok | 101 (33.4) | 51 (33.6) | 50 (33.3) | |
 Padang | 101 (33.4) | 51 (33.6) | 50 (33.3) | |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 158 (52.3) | 82 (53.9) | 76 (50.7) | 0.568 |
 Female | 144 (47.7) | 70 (46.0) | 74 (49.3) | |
Age (months) | ||||
 Mean ± SD | 18.9 ± 3.3 | 18.8 ± 3.3 | 18.9 ± 3.3 | 0.852 |
 Min; Max | 12.3; 24.9 |  |  | |
Weight (kg) | ||||
 Mean ± SD | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 9.4 ± 1.3 | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 0.472 |
 Min; Max | 6.4; 15.0 |  |  | |
Length (cm) | ||||
 Mean ± SD | 78.8 ± 4.2 | 79.0 ± 4.1 | 78.5 ± 4.4 | 0.287 |
 Min; Max | 67; 91 |  |  | |
Length-for-age Z score | ||||
 Mean ± SD | −1.20 ± 1.22 | −1.11 ± 1.20 | −1.30 ± 1.22 | 0.175 |
 Min; Max | −4.33; 4.19 | −3.81; 4.19 | −4.33; 1.65 | |
Stunting2 | ||||
 No | 221 (73.2) | 116 (76.3) | 105 (70.0) | 0.215 |
 Yes | 81 (26.8) | 36 (23.7) | 45 (30.0) | |
Paternal education | ||||
 None | 10 (3.3) | 5 (3.3) | 5 (3.3) | 0.739 |
 Elementary school | 32 (10.6) | 15 (9.9) | 17 (11.3) | |
 Junior high school | 61 (20.2) | 28 (18.4) | 33 (22.0) | |
 Senior high school | 155 (51.3) | 78 (51.3) | 77 (51.3) | |
 University | 44 (14.6) | 26 (17.1) | 18 (12.0) | |
Maternal education | ||||
 None | 11 (3.6) | 7 (4.6) | 4 (2.7) | 0.470 |
 Elementary school | 30 (9.9) | 13 (8.6) | 17 (11.3) | |
 Junior high school | 78 (25.8) | 34 (22.4) | 44 (29.3) | |
 Senior high school | 147 (48.7) | 79 (52.0) | 68 (45.3) | |
 University | 36 (11.9) | 19 (12.5) | 17 (11.3) | |
Parental monthly income3 | ||||
 Declined to answer | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.3) | 0.041 |
 <  500,000 IDR | 43 (14.2) | 29 (19.1) | 43 (14.2) | |
 500,000 IDR - Regional minimum salary | 167 (55.3) | 77 (50.7) | 90 (60.0) | |
  > Regional minimum salary | 90 (29.8) | 46 (30.3) | 44 (29.3) | |
Number of children <5y in the household4 | ||||
 1 | 237 (78.5) | 114 (76.5) | 123 (82.0) | 0.378 |
 2 | 48 (15.9) | 27 (18.1) | 21 (14.0) | |
 3 | 12 (4.0) | 6 (4.0) | 6 (4.0) | |
 4 | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Exposure to indoor cigarette smoke | ||||
 No | 163 (54.0) | 98 (64.5) | 65 (43.3) | 0.0004 |
 Yes | 139 (46.0) | 54 (35.5) | 85 (56.7) | |
Wood-fuelled stove in home | ||||
 No | 268 (88.7) | 146 (96.0) | 122 (81.3) | 0.0001 |
 Yes | 34 (11.3) | 6 (4.0) | 28 (18.7) | |
URTI symptoms5 | ||||
 No | 240 (79.5) | 127 (83.6) | 113 (75.3) | 0.077 |
 Yes | 62 (20.5) | 25 (16.4) | 37 (24.7) | |