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Table 2 Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis carriage

From: Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Variable S. pneumoniae M. catarrhalis
carriers/total (%) Unadjusted ORa (95% CI) P value Adjusted ORb (95% CI) P value carriers/total (%) Unadjusted OR (95% CI) P value Adjusted ORc (95% CI) P value
Region
 Padang 35/101 (34.6) reference < 0.001 reference 0.040 32/101 (31.7) reference 0.016 reference 0.046
 Bandung 64/100 (64.0) 3.35 (1.88, 5.98) 2.46 (1.22, 4.95) 45/100 (45.0) 1.76 (0.99, 3.14) 1.06 (0.51, 2.16)
 Lombok 51/101 (50.5) 1.92 (1.09, 3.39) 1.49 (0.75, 2.94) 52/101 (51.5) 2.29 (1.29, 4.06) 2.15 (1.08, 4.27)
Sex  
 Female 76/144 (52.8) reference 0.303    62/144 (43.1) reference 0.909   
 Male 74/158 (46.8) 0.79 (0.81, 1.24) 67/158 (42.4) 0.97 (0.62, 1.24)
Residence
 Urban 73/152 (48.0) reference 0.566 reference 0.982 57/152 (37.5) reference 0.066 reference 0.430
 Semi-rural 77/150 (51.3) 1.14 (0.73, 1.79) 1.01 (0.59, 1.72) 72/150 (48.0) 1.54 (0.97, 2.43) 1.24 (0.72, 2.14)
Age (months)   1.02 (0.95, 1.09) 0.637     0.98 (0.91, 1.05) 0.582   
Stuntingd
 No 101/221 (45.7) reference 0.024 reference 0.884 82/221 (37.1) reference 0.001 reference 0.083
 Yes 49/81 (60.5) 1.82 (1.08, 3.05) 1.05 (0.56, 1.96) 47/81 (58.0) 2.34 (1.40, 3.94) 1.74 (0.93, 3.26)
Maternal education
 Below high school 68/119 (57.1) reference 0.037 reference 0.123 65/119 (54.6) reference 0.001 reference 0.232
 High school and above 82/183 (44.8) 0.61 (0.38, 0.97) 0.64 (0.36, 1.13) 64/183 (35.0) 0.45 (0.28, 0.72) 0.71 (0.40, 1.25)
Parental monthly incomee
  ≤ Regional minimum salary 100/210 (47.6) reference 0.279 reference 0.242 92/210 (43.8) reference 0.430 reference 0.944
  > Regional minimum salary 49/90 (54.4) 1.31 (0.80, 2.16) 1.55 (0.84, 2.83) 35/90 (38.9) 0.82 (0.49, 1.35) 0.98 (0.53, 1.81)
Children <5y in the household
 1 112/237 (47.3) reference 0.051 reference 0.019 100/237 (42.2) reference 0.848   
 2 or more 38/62 (61.3) 1.77 (1.00, 3.13) 2.17 (1.13, 4.12) 27/62 (43.6) 1.06 (0.60, 1.86)
URTI symptomsf
 No 108/240 (45.0) reference 0.002 reference 0.018 92/240 (38.3) reference 0.003 reference 0.050
 Yes 42/62 (67.7) 2.57 (1.42, 4.63) 2.28 (1.15, 4.50) 37/62 (59.7) 2.38 (1.35, 4.21) 1.94 (1.00, 3.75)
Exposure to cigarette smoke
 No 87/163 (53.4) reference 0.164 reference 0.242 69/163 (42.3) reference 0.884 reference 0.375
 Yes 63/139 (45.3) 0.72 (0.46, 1.14) 0.72 (0.42, 1.24) 60/139 (43.2) 1.04 (0.66, 1.64) 1.28 (0.74, 2.20)
Wood-fuelled stove in home
 No 133/268 (49.6) reference 0.967 reference 0.623 113/268 (42.2) reference 0.587 reference 0.852
 Yes 17/34 (50.0) 1.02 (0.50, 2.07) 1.23 (0.53, 2.86) 16/34 (47.1) 1.23 (0.60, 2.50) 0.92 (0.39, 2.18)
M. catarrhalis carriage S. pneumoniae carriage
 No 66/173 (38.2) reference < 0.001 reference < 0.001 45/152 (29.6) reference < 0.001 reference 0.001
 Yes 84/129 (65.1) 3.03 (1.88, 4.86) 2.64 (1.54, 4.50) 84/150 (56.0) 3.03 (1.88, 4.86) 2.52 (1.48, 4.28)
H. influenzae carriage
 No 102/219 (46.6) reference 0.082 reference 0.454 81/219 (37.0) reference 0.001 reference 0.023
 Yes 48/83 (57.8) 1.57 (0.94, 2.62) 1.24 (0.70, 2.21) 48/83 (57.8) 2.34 (1.40, 3.91) 1.94 (1.09, 3.43)
S. aureus carriage
 No 142/280 (50.7) reference 0.200    128/280 (45.7) reference 0.005 reference 0.016
 Yes 8/22 (36.4) 0.56 (0.23, 1.36) 1/22 (4.6) 0.06 (0.01, 0.43) 0.08 (0.01, 0.63)
  1. aOR odds ratio
  2. bAdjusted for region, residence type, income, maternal education, 2 or more children <5y, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, stunting, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, M. catarrhalis carriage, and H. influenzae carriage
  3. cAdjusted for region, residence type, income, maternal education, URTI symptoms, stunting, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, S. pneumoniae carriage, H. influenzae carriage, and S. aureus carriage
  4. dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length-for-age z-score below − 2 standard deviations of the median
  5. eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
  6. fURTI symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis
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Pneumonia

ISSN: 2200-6133

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