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Table 2 Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis carriage

From: Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Variable

S. pneumoniae

M. catarrhalis

carriers/total (%)

Unadjusted ORa (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted ORb (95% CI)

P value

carriers/total (%)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted ORc (95% CI)

P value

Region

 Padang

35/101 (34.6)

reference

< 0.001

reference

0.040

32/101 (31.7)

reference

0.016

reference

0.046

 Bandung

64/100 (64.0)

3.35 (1.88, 5.98)

2.46 (1.22, 4.95)

45/100 (45.0)

1.76 (0.99, 3.14)

1.06 (0.51, 2.16)

 Lombok

51/101 (50.5)

1.92 (1.09, 3.39)

1.49 (0.75, 2.94)

52/101 (51.5)

2.29 (1.29, 4.06)

2.15 (1.08, 4.27)

Sex

 

 Female

76/144 (52.8)

reference

0.303

  

62/144 (43.1)

reference

0.909

  

 Male

74/158 (46.8)

0.79 (0.81, 1.24)

67/158 (42.4)

0.97 (0.62, 1.24)

Residence

 Urban

73/152 (48.0)

reference

0.566

reference

0.982

57/152 (37.5)

reference

0.066

reference

0.430

 Semi-rural

77/150 (51.3)

1.14 (0.73, 1.79)

1.01 (0.59, 1.72)

72/150 (48.0)

1.54 (0.97, 2.43)

1.24 (0.72, 2.14)

Age (months)

 

1.02 (0.95, 1.09)

0.637

   

0.98 (0.91, 1.05)

0.582

  

Stuntingd

 No

101/221 (45.7)

reference

0.024

reference

0.884

82/221 (37.1)

reference

0.001

reference

0.083

 Yes

49/81 (60.5)

1.82 (1.08, 3.05)

1.05 (0.56, 1.96)

47/81 (58.0)

2.34 (1.40, 3.94)

1.74 (0.93, 3.26)

Maternal education

 Below high school

68/119 (57.1)

reference

0.037

reference

0.123

65/119 (54.6)

reference

0.001

reference

0.232

 High school and above

82/183 (44.8)

0.61 (0.38, 0.97)

0.64 (0.36, 1.13)

64/183 (35.0)

0.45 (0.28, 0.72)

0.71 (0.40, 1.25)

Parental monthly incomee

  ≤ Regional minimum salary

100/210 (47.6)

reference

0.279

reference

0.242

92/210 (43.8)

reference

0.430

reference

0.944

  > Regional minimum salary

49/90 (54.4)

1.31 (0.80, 2.16)

1.55 (0.84, 2.83)

35/90 (38.9)

0.82 (0.49, 1.35)

0.98 (0.53, 1.81)

Children <5y in the household

 1

112/237 (47.3)

reference

0.051

reference

0.019

100/237 (42.2)

reference

0.848

  

 2 or more

38/62 (61.3)

1.77 (1.00, 3.13)

2.17 (1.13, 4.12)

27/62 (43.6)

1.06 (0.60, 1.86)

URTI symptomsf

 No

108/240 (45.0)

reference

0.002

reference

0.018

92/240 (38.3)

reference

0.003

reference

0.050

 Yes

42/62 (67.7)

2.57 (1.42, 4.63)

2.28 (1.15, 4.50)

37/62 (59.7)

2.38 (1.35, 4.21)

1.94 (1.00, 3.75)

Exposure to cigarette smoke

 No

87/163 (53.4)

reference

0.164

reference

0.242

69/163 (42.3)

reference

0.884

reference

0.375

 Yes

63/139 (45.3)

0.72 (0.46, 1.14)

0.72 (0.42, 1.24)

60/139 (43.2)

1.04 (0.66, 1.64)

1.28 (0.74, 2.20)

Wood-fuelled stove in home

 No

133/268 (49.6)

reference

0.967

reference

0.623

113/268 (42.2)

reference

0.587

reference

0.852

 Yes

17/34 (50.0)

1.02 (0.50, 2.07)

1.23 (0.53, 2.86)

16/34 (47.1)

1.23 (0.60, 2.50)

0.92 (0.39, 2.18)

M. catarrhalis carriage

S. pneumoniae carriage

 No

66/173 (38.2)

reference

< 0.001

reference

< 0.001

45/152 (29.6)

reference

< 0.001

reference

0.001

 Yes

84/129 (65.1)

3.03 (1.88, 4.86)

2.64 (1.54, 4.50)

84/150 (56.0)

3.03 (1.88, 4.86)

2.52 (1.48, 4.28)

H. influenzae carriage

 No

102/219 (46.6)

reference

0.082

reference

0.454

81/219 (37.0)

reference

0.001

reference

0.023

 Yes

48/83 (57.8)

1.57 (0.94, 2.62)

1.24 (0.70, 2.21)

48/83 (57.8)

2.34 (1.40, 3.91)

1.94 (1.09, 3.43)

S. aureus carriage

 No

142/280 (50.7)

reference

0.200

  

128/280 (45.7)

reference

0.005

reference

0.016

 Yes

8/22 (36.4)

0.56 (0.23, 1.36)

1/22 (4.6)

0.06 (0.01, 0.43)

0.08 (0.01, 0.63)

  1. aOR odds ratio
  2. bAdjusted for region, residence type, income, maternal education, 2 or more children <5y, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, stunting, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, M. catarrhalis carriage, and H. influenzae carriage
  3. cAdjusted for region, residence type, income, maternal education, URTI symptoms, stunting, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, S. pneumoniae carriage, H. influenzae carriage, and S. aureus carriage
  4. dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length-for-age z-score below − 2 standard deviations of the median
  5. eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
  6. fURTI symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis
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Pneumonia

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