Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Fadlyana, Eddy; Dunne, Eileen M.; Rusmil, Kusnandi; Tarigan, Rodman; Sudigdoadi, Sunaryati; Murad, Chrysanti; Watts, Emma; Nguyen, Cattram; Satzke, Catherine; Dewi, Nurhandini Eka; Indriyani, Sang Ayu Kompiyang; Yani, Finny Fitry; Mulholland, Kim; Kartasasmita, Cissy

doi:10.1186/s41479-018-0058-1

Table 3 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with S. pneumoniae density in children who are carriers (n = 150)

From: Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Variable (n)	Mean density (log₁₀ GE/ml)^a	Unadjusted coefficient^b (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted coefficient^c (95% CI)	P value
Region
Padang (35)	5.09	reference	0.182
Bandung (64)	5.17	0.08 (−0.37, 0.53)
Lombok (51)	4.80	−0.29 (−0.76, 0.18)
Sex
Female (76)	4.92	reference	0.224
Male (74)	5.14	0.22 (−0.31, 0.57)	0.224
Residence
Urban (73)	5.06	reference	0.761	reference	0.642
Semi-rural (77)	5.00	−0.05 (−0.41, 0.30)	0.761	−0.08 (−0.41, 0.25)	0.642
Age (months)	5.03	−0.08 (−0.13, −0.02)	0.004	−0.06 (−0.11, −0.02)	0.009
Stunting^d
No (101)	4.89	reference	0.025	reference	0.142
Yes (49)	5.31	0.42 (0.06, 0.79)	0.025	0.26 (−0.09, 0.62)	0.142
Maternal education
Below high school (68)	5.23	reference	0.035	reference	0.360
High school and above (82)	4.86	−0.38 (−0.72, −0.03)	0.035	−0.15 (−0.47, 0.17)	0.360
Parental monthly income^e
≤ regional minimum salary (100)	5.22	reference	0.003	reference	0.011
> regional minimum salary (49)	4.67	−0.56 (−0.92, −0.19)	0.003	−0.47 (−0.79, −0.10)	0.011
Children < 5 y in the household
1 (112)	4.97	reference	0.280
2 or more (38)	5.19	0.22 (−0.18, 0.63)	0.280
URTI symptoms^f
No (108)	4.83	reference	< 0.001	reference	0.002
Yes (42)	5.53	0.70 (0.32, 1.08)	< 0.001	0.55 (0.20, 0.90)	0.002
Exposure to cigarette smoke
No (87)	4.98	reference	0.569	reference	0.436
Yes (63)	5.09	0.10 (−0.25, 0.46)	0.569	0.13 (−0.20, 0.46)	0.436
Wood-fuelled stove in home
No (133)	5.07	reference	0.180	reference	0.142
Yes (17)	4.69	−0.38 (−0.93, 0.18)	0.180	−0.38 (−0.89, 0.13)	0.142
M. catarrhalis carriage
No (66)	4.70	reference	0.001	reference	0.038
Yes (84)	5.28	0.58 (0.24, 0.92)	0.001	0.33 (0.02, 0.65)	0.038
H. influenzae carriage
No (102)	4.80	reference	< 0.001	reference	0.005
Yes (48)	5.52	0.73 (0.37, 1.09)	< 0.001	0.49 (0.15, 0.82)	0.005
S. aureus carriage
No (142)	5.08	reference	0.019	reference	0.536
Yes (8)	4.15	−0.92 (−1.70, −0.15)	0.019	−0.22 (−0.92, 0.48)	0.536

^aS. pneumoniae density reported in log₁₀ genome equivalents/ml
^bCoefficient is the difference in means determined by linear regression
^cAdjusted for residence type, age, maternal education, income, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, stunting, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, M. catarrhalis carriage, H. influenzae carriage, and S. aureus carriage
^dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length/height-for-age z-score below − 2 standard deviations of the median
^eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
^fURTI symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis

Back to article page

ISSN: 2200-6133

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com

Pneumonia

Contact us