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Table 3 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with S. pneumoniae density in children who are carriers (n = 150)

From: Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Variable (n) Mean density (log10 GE/ml)a Unadjusted coefficientb (95% CI) P value Adjusted coefficientc (95% CI) P value
Region
 Padang (35) 5.09 reference 0.182   
 Bandung (64) 5.17 0.08 (−0.37, 0.53)
 Lombok (51) 4.80 −0.29 (−0.76, 0.18)
Sex
 Female (76) 4.92 reference 0.224   
 Male (74) 5.14 0.22 (−0.31, 0.57)
Residence
 Urban (73) 5.06 reference 0.761 reference 0.642
 Semi-rural (77) 5.00 −0.05 (−0.41, 0.30) −0.08 (−0.41, 0.25)
Age (months) 5.03 −0.08 (−0.13, −0.02) 0.004 −0.06 (−0.11, −0.02) 0.009
Stuntingd
 No (101) 4.89 reference 0.025 reference 0.142
 Yes (49) 5.31 0.42 (0.06, 0.79) 0.26 (−0.09, 0.62)
Maternal education
 Below high school (68) 5.23 reference 0.035 reference 0.360
 High school and above (82) 4.86 −0.38 (−0.72, −0.03) −0.15 (−0.47, 0.17)
Parental monthly incomee
  ≤ regional minimum salary (100) 5.22 reference 0.003 reference 0.011
  > regional minimum salary (49) 4.67 −0.56 (−0.92, −0.19) −0.47 (−0.79, −0.10)
Children < 5 y in the household
 1 (112) 4.97 reference 0.280   
 2 or more (38) 5.19 0.22 (−0.18, 0.63)
URTI symptomsf
 No (108) 4.83 reference < 0.001 reference 0.002
 Yes (42) 5.53 0.70 (0.32, 1.08) 0.55 (0.20, 0.90)
Exposure to cigarette smoke
 No (87) 4.98 reference 0.569 reference 0.436
 Yes (63) 5.09 0.10 (−0.25, 0.46) 0.13 (−0.20, 0.46)
Wood-fuelled stove in home
 No (133) 5.07 reference 0.180 reference 0.142
 Yes (17) 4.69 −0.38 (−0.93, 0.18) −0.38 (−0.89, 0.13)
M. catarrhalis carriage
 No (66) 4.70 reference 0.001 reference 0.038
 Yes (84) 5.28 0.58 (0.24, 0.92) 0.33 (0.02, 0.65)
H. influenzae carriage
 No (102) 4.80 reference < 0.001 reference 0.005
 Yes (48) 5.52 0.73 (0.37, 1.09) 0.49 (0.15, 0.82)
S. aureus carriage
 No (142) 5.08 reference 0.019 reference 0.536
 Yes (8) 4.15 −0.92 (−1.70, −0.15) −0.22 (−0.92, 0.48)
  1. aS. pneumoniae density reported in log10 genome equivalents/ml
  2. bCoefficient is the difference in means determined by linear regression
  3. cAdjusted for residence type, age, maternal education, income, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, stunting, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, M. catarrhalis carriage, H. influenzae carriage, and S. aureus carriage
  4. dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length/height-for-age z-score below − 2 standard deviations of the median
  5. eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
  6. fURTI symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis
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Pneumonia

ISSN: 2200-6133

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