Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Fadlyana, Eddy; Dunne, Eileen M.; Rusmil, Kusnandi; Tarigan, Rodman; Sudigdoadi, Sunaryati; Murad, Chrysanti; Watts, Emma; Nguyen, Cattram; Satzke, Catherine; Dewi, Nurhandini Eka; Indriyani, Sang Ayu Kompiyang; Yani, Finny Fitry; Mulholland, Kim; Kartasasmita, Cissy

doi:10.1186/s41479-018-0058-1

Table 5 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with M. catarrhalis density in children who are carriers (n = 129)

From: Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Variable (n)	Mean density (log₁₀ GE/ml)^a	Unadjusted coefficient^b (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted coefficient^c (95% CI)	P value
Region
Padang (32)	6.12	reference	0.010	reference	0.165
Bandung (45)	6.46	0.34 (−0.14, 0.82)		0.28 (−0.22, 0.78)
Lombok (52)	5.81	−0.31 (−0.77, 0.15)		−0.18 (−0.68, 0.33)
Sex
Female (62)	6.12	reference	0.995
Male (67)	6.12	0.00 (−0.37, 0.36)	0.995
Residence
Urban (57)	6.08	reference	0.748	reference	0.980
Semi-rural (72)	6.14	0.06 (−0.32, 0.44)	0.748	−0.01 (−0.41, 0.40)	0.980
Age	6.12	−0.04 (−0.10, 0.01)	0.126
Stunting^d
No (82)	6.02	reference	0.177
Yes (47)	6.28	0.26 (−0.12, 0.65)	0.177
Maternal education
Below high school (65)	6.22	reference	0.258
High school and above (64)	6.01	−0.21 (−0.58, 0.16)	0.258
Parental monthly income^e
≤ regional minimum salary (92)	6.11	reference	0.885	reference	0.767
> regional minimum salary (35)	6.08	−0.03 (−0.45, 0.39)	0.885	−0.06 (−0.49, 0.36)	0.767
Children < 5 y in the household
1 (100)	6.06	reference	0.297
2 or more (27)	6.30	0.24 (−0.22, 0.70)	0.297
URTI symptoms^f
No (92)	5.94	reference	0.003	reference	0.035
Yes (37)	6.55	0.61 (0.21, 1.01)	0.003	0.46 (0.03, 0.88)	0.035
Exposure to cigarette smoke
No (69)	6.10	reference	0.863	reference	0.526
Yes (60)	6.13	0.03 (−0.34, 0.41)	0.863	0.12 (−0.27, 0.52)	0.526
Wood-fuelled stove in home
No (113)	6.17	reference	0.117	reference	0.534
Yes (16)	5.72	−0.45 (−1.01, 0.11)	0.117	−0.20 (−0.83, 0.43)	0.534
H. influenzae carriage
No (81)	6.05	reference	0.351
Yes (48)	6.23	0.18 (−0.20, 0.57)	0.351
S. pneumoniae carriage
No (45)	5.87	reference	0.059	reference	0.207
Yes (84)	6.25	0.37 (−0.01, 0.76)	0.059	0.25 (−0.14, 0.65)	0.207
S. aureus carriage
No (128)	6.11	reference	0.236
Yes (1)	7.38	1.27 (−0.84, 3.39)	0.236

^aM. cattarhalis density reported in log₁₀ genome equivalents/ml
^bCoefficient is the difference in means determined by linear regression
^cAdjusted for region, residence type, income, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, and S. pneumoniae carriage
^dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length/height-for-age z-score below −2 standard deviations of the median
^eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
^fURTI symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis

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