|
Variable (n)
|
Mean density (log10 GE/ml)a
|
Unadjusted coefficientb (95% CI)
|
P value
|
Adjusted coefficientc (95% CI)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Region
|
|
Padang (32)
|
6.12
|
reference
|
0.010
|
reference
|
0.165
|
|
Bandung (45)
|
6.46
|
0.34 (−0.14, 0.82)
|
0.28 (−0.22, 0.78)
|
|
Lombok (52)
|
5.81
|
−0.31 (−0.77, 0.15)
|
−0.18 (−0.68, 0.33)
|
|
Sex
|
|
Female (62)
|
6.12
|
reference
|
0.995
| | |
|
Male (67)
|
6.12
|
0.00 (−0.37, 0.36)
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban (57)
|
6.08
|
reference
|
0.748
|
reference
|
0.980
|
|
Semi-rural (72)
|
6.14
|
0.06 (−0.32, 0.44)
|
−0.01 (−0.41, 0.40)
|
|
Age
|
6.12
|
−0.04 (−0.10, 0.01)
|
0.126
| | |
|
Stuntingd
|
|
No (82)
|
6.02
|
reference
|
0.177
| | |
|
Yes (47)
|
6.28
|
0.26 (−0.12, 0.65)
|
|
Maternal education
|
|
Below high school (65)
|
6.22
|
reference
|
0.258
| | |
|
High school and above (64)
|
6.01
|
−0.21 (−0.58, 0.16)
|
|
Parental monthly incomee
|
|
≤ regional minimum salary (92)
|
6.11
|
reference
|
0.885
|
reference
|
0.767
|
|
> regional minimum salary (35)
|
6.08
|
−0.03 (−0.45, 0.39)
|
−0.06 (−0.49, 0.36)
|
|
Children < 5 y in the household
|
|
1 (100)
|
6.06
|
reference
|
0.297
| | |
|
2 or more (27)
|
6.30
|
0.24 (−0.22, 0.70)
|
|
URTI symptomsf
|
|
No (92)
|
5.94
|
reference
|
0.003
|
reference
|
0.035
|
|
Yes (37)
|
6.55
|
0.61 (0.21, 1.01)
|
0.46 (0.03, 0.88)
|
|
Exposure to cigarette smoke
|
|
No (69)
|
6.10
|
reference
|
0.863
|
reference
|
0.526
|
|
Yes (60)
|
6.13
|
0.03 (−0.34, 0.41)
|
0.12 (−0.27, 0.52)
|
|
Wood-fuelled stove in home
|
|
No (113)
|
6.17
|
reference
|
0.117
|
reference
|
0.534
|
|
Yes (16)
|
5.72
|
−0.45 (−1.01, 0.11)
|
−0.20 (−0.83, 0.43)
|
|
H. influenzae carriage
|
|
No (81)
|
6.05
|
reference
|
0.351
| | |
|
Yes (48)
|
6.23
|
0.18 (−0.20, 0.57)
|
|
S. pneumoniae carriage
|
|
No (45)
|
5.87
|
reference
|
0.059
|
reference
|
0.207
|
|
Yes (84)
|
6.25
|
0.37 (−0.01, 0.76)
|
0.25 (−0.14, 0.65)
|
|
S. aureus carriage
|
|
No (128)
|
6.11
|
reference
|
0.236
| | |
|
Yes (1)
|
7.38
|
1.27 (−0.84, 3.39)
|
- aM. cattarhalis density reported in log10 genome equivalents/ml
- bCoefficient is the difference in means determined by linear regression
- cAdjusted for region, residence type, income, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, and S. pneumoniae carriage
- dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length/height-for-age z-score below −2 standard deviations of the median
- eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
- fURTI symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis
