Table 1 Ranking of mean number of items and mean costs per patient plus outcomes
Resource use | Hospital 1 (n = 201) | Hospital 2 (n = 50) | Hospital 3 (n = 40) |
|---|---|---|---|
Clinical chemistry testing | Creatinine 2.90; 3 [0–22] | Creatinine 4.62; 5 [0–13] | Glucose 5.83; 2 [0–55] |
Potassium 2.73; 2 [0–48] | CRP 3.62; 3 [0–8] | Creatinine 4.95; 4 [0–12] | |
Sodium 2.72; 2 [0–54] | Glucose 3.48; 2 [0–29] | CRP 4.90; 5 [0–11] | |
CRP 2.21; 2 [0–13] | Hemoglobin 3.46; 3 [0–13] | Sodium 4.35; 4 [0–13] | |
Leucocytes 1.92; 2 [0–16] | Sodium 3.32; 3 [0–12] | Potassium 4.35; 4 [0–11] | |
Mean costs (SE) | €25 (1.5) | €37 (2.9) | €49 (4.5) |
Radiological exams | CXR 1.49; 1 [1–8] | CXR 1.40; 1 [0–6] | CXR 1.33; 1 [0–4] |
Chest CT 0.11; 0 [0–1] | Echocardiography 0.24; 0 [0–3] | Chest CT 0.13; 0 [0–1] | |
Abdominal sonography 0.07; 0 [0–1] | Chest CT 0.16; 0 [0–1] | Abdominal sonography 0.13; 0 [0–1] | |
Echocardiography 0.02; 0 [0–2] | Abdominal sonography 0.04; 0 [0–1] | Echocardiography 0.08; 0 [0–1] | |
Mean costs (SE) | €89 (7.5) | €118 (20) | €87 (17) |
Microbiological testing | PCR – hybridization* 10.06; 9 [0–37] | AMR detection 3.66; 0 [0–57] | PCR – hybridization* 5.33; 6 [0–15] |
Antigen detection 2.22; 2 [0–6] | Antigen detection 2.52; 2 [0–5] | Serologic antibody detection 4.25 5 [0–7] | |
AMR detection 1.9; 0 [0–32] | Blood culturing 2.40; 2 [0–6] | Blood culturing 2.2; 2 [0–6] | |
Agar culturing 1.66; 1 [0–9] | Agar culturing 2.18; 2 [0–10] | AMR detection 1.93; 0 [0–44] | |
Gram staining 1.41; 1 [0–8] | Gram staining 1.6; 1 [0–5] | Antigen detection 1.58; 2 [0–4] | |
Mean costs (SE) | €726 (34) | €195 (17) | €476 (44) |
Overall mean costs (SE) | €841 (37) | €350 (31) | €612 (46) |
Outcomes | Hospital 1 | Hospital 2 | Hospital 3 |
Microbiological diagnostic yield, n (%)$ | 91 (45) | 15 (30) | 15 (38) |
Antibiotic de-escalation, n (%)# | 57 (30) | 21 (48) | 13 (33) |
Secondary ICU admissions, n (%) | 10 (5) | 3 (6) | 1 (3) |