Table 3 Frequency of risk factors and comorbidities for invasive pneumococcal disease (with exact 95% confidence intervals) in Western Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal adults aged 15 years or more, 1997–2007

Risk factors

   Smoker

240

28.2

(25.2–31.4)

116

60.4

(53.1–67.4)

   Ex-smoker

115

19.6

(16.5–23.0)

12

6.9

(3.6–11.8)

   Chemotherapy or steroid use

164

18.1

(15.6–20.8)

14

5.9

(3.3–9.8)

   Excessive alcohol use

115

13.5

(11.3–16.0)

137

66.2

(59.3–72.6)

   Any risk factor^a

485

53.5

(50.2–56.8)

183

77.5

(71.7–82.7)

Comorbidities

   Cardiovascular disease

309

34.1

(31.0–37.3)

75

31.8

(25.9–38.1)

   Chronic respiratory disease

275

30.3

(27.3–33.4)

56

23.7

(18.5–29.7)

   Hypertension

159

26.9

(23.4–30.7)

43

24.4

(18.3–31.5)

   Disease of digestive system^b

150

25.2

(21.8–28.9)

59

33.0

(26.1–40.4)

   Malignancy

200

23.2

(20.4–26.2)

4

1.8

(0.5–4.6)

   Diabetes

130

14.9

(12.6–17.5)

97

42.9

(36.4–49.7)

   Mental health conditions

79

13.2

(10.6–16.1)

12

6.7

(3.5–11.4)

   Disease of nervous system

74

12.4

(9.9–15.4)

23

12.9

(8.4–18.8)

   Chronic renal failure

69

8.0

(6.3–10.0)

46

21.2

(16.0–27.2)

   Chronic liver failure/cirrhosis

49

5.7

(4.3–7.5)

45

21.0

(15.8–27.1)

   Congenital abnormality

17

2.8

(1.7–4.5)

6

3.3

(1.2–7.0)

   Asplenia

14

2.3

(1.3–3.9)

9

4.9

(2.3–9.1)

   Any comorbidities^a

626

83.5

(80.6–86.1)

163

81.9

(75.9–87.0)

Any risk factors or comorbidities^a

722

90.9

(88.7–92.8)

210

95.9

(92.3–98.1)