Study, year [ ] Reference | Country | Study period | Setting | Study population | “Pneumonia” definition | Specimen | Viral diagnostic test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joosting et al., 1979 [44] | South Africa | May 1966–Apr 1972 | Hospital-based observational study | Black miners | Acute respiratory disease (definition not stated) | Throat swabs & serum | Viral culture & serology (HAI or complement fixation) |
Scott et al., 2000 [8] | Kenya | Mar 1994–May 1996 | Hospital-based observational study | >15 years | Pneumonia (>2 symptoms of fever, cough, sputum, chest pain, SOB, or haemoptysis; symptoms <14 days; consolidation on CXR) | Serum | Complement fixation |
Hartung et al., 2011 [45] | Malawi | Feb 2006–Sept 2006 | Hospital-based observational study | >18 years | Pneumonia (>1 symptom of cough, sputum, chest pain, SOB, chest pain or haemoptysis; CXR changes) + admission to HDU | BAL fluid | rRT-PCR |
Feikin et al., 2012 [39] | Kenya | Mar 2007–Feb 2010 | Population-based surveillance | >5 years | ARI (cough or difficulty breathing or chest pain and temperature >38.0 °C or oxygen saturation <90% or hospitalisation) | NP & OP swabs | rRT-PCR |
Pretorius et al., 2012 [41] | South Africa | Feb 2009–Dec 2010 | Hospital-based surveillance (6 hospitals) | >5 years | SARI (fever; cough or sore throat; shortness of breath or difficulty breathing; symptoms <7 days) | NP & OP swabs | rRT-PCR |