Table 1 Summary of the first and second line anti-tuberculosis medications with recommended doses and drug-drug interactions* [60–63]
From: Tuberculosis and pneumonia in HIV-infected children: an overview
Drug | Dose Recommended | Drug-drug interactions with antiretrovirals |
|---|---|---|
Group 1 | ||
 Isoniazid | 7–15 mg/kg once daily | None |
 Rifampicin | 10–20 mg/kg once daily | Coadministration reduces concentrations ofa NNRTIs, bPIs, integrase inhibitors |
 Pyrazinamide | 30–40 mg/kg once daily | None |
 Ethambutol | 15–25 mg/kg once daily | None |
 Rifabutin | 10–20 mg/kg/day (Max Dose 300 mg/day) | Boosted PI: increase rifabutin levels and rifabutin dose reduction is needed NNRTI: Efavirence reduces the concentration of rifabutin, increasing the rifabutin dose is recommended in adults Nevirapine dose adjustment is not needed for rifabutin |
Group 2 | ||
 Kanamycin | 15–30 mg/kg once daily, max 1 g |  |
 Amikacin | 15–22.5 mg/kg once daily, max 1 g |  |
 Capreomycin | 15–30 mg/kg once daily, max 1 g |  |
 Streptomycin | 20–40 mg/kg once daily, max 1 g |  |
Group 3 | ||
 Ofloxacin | 15–20 mg/kg once daily, max 800 mg |  |
 Levofloxacin | (15–20 mg/kg once daily)†, 7.5–10 mg/kg once daily, max 750 mg |  |
 Moxifloxacin | 7.5–10 mg/kg once daily, max 400 mg | Moxifloxacin concentration could be reduced by ritonavir, though limited data; buffered didanosine may reduce oral absorption of all fluoroquinolones |
Group 4 | ||
 Ethionamide/Prothionamide | 15–20 mg/kg once daily, max 1 g | Possible, unknown |
 Cycloserine/Terizidone | 10–20 mg/kg once or twice daily, max 1 g | Unlikely, unknown |
 Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) | 150 mg/kg granules daily in 2–3 divided doses, max 12 g | Co-administration with efavirenz may reduc PAS AUC by 50% |
Group 5 | ||
 Linezolid | (10 mg/kg twice daily, once daily for >10 years of age)c | Unlikely |
 Clofazimine | (3–5 mg/kg once daily)c | Unknown; may be a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor |
 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Meropenem-clavulanic acid, and Imipenem/cilastin | As for bacterial infections | Unlikely |
 Thiacetazone | 5–8 mg/kg once daily | Contraindicated in HIV-infected individuals |
 High-dose isoniazid | 15–20 mg/kg once daily | None |
 Clarithromycin | 7.5–15 mg/kg twice daily | Clarithomycin levels increase with boosted atazanavir and lopinavir with increased risk of toxisity. Clarithomycin levels are decreased by efavirence, nevirapine and etravirine Azithromycinn is prefered |
 Azithromycin | 10 mg/kg once daily | Prefered macrolide but limited activity and caution required |