Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Fadlyana, Eddy; Dunne, Eileen M.; Rusmil, Kusnandi; Tarigan, Rodman; Sudigdoadi, Sunaryati; Murad, Chrysanti; Watts, Emma; Nguyen, Cattram; Satzke, Catherine; Dewi, Nurhandini Eka; Indriyani, Sang Ayu Kompiyang; Yani, Finny Fitry; Mulholland, Kim; Kartasasmita, Cissy

doi:10.1186/s41479-018-0058-1

Table 4 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with H. influenzae density in children who are carriers (n = 83)

From: Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Variable (n)	Mean density (log₁₀ GE/ml)^a	Unadjusted coefficient^b (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted coefficient^c (95% CI)	P value
Region
Padang (25)	5.51	reference	0.567
Bandung (32)	5.67	0.16 (−0.34, 0.65)
Lombok (26)	5.41	−0.10 (−0.62, 0.42)
Sex
Female (42)	5.41	reference	0.188
Male (41)	5.68	0.27 (−0.13, 0.67)	0.188
Residence
Urban (39)	5.70	reference	0.152	reference	0.433
Semi-rural (44)	5.40	−0.29 (−0.70, 0.11)	0.152	−0.16 (−0.55, 0.24)	0.433
Age (in months)	5.54	0.01 (−0.05, 0.08)	0.653
Stunting^d
No (55)	5.48	reference	0.439
Yes (28)	5.65	0.17 (−0.26, 0.60)	0.439
Maternal education
Below high school (38)	5.80	reference	0.020	reference	0.039
High school and above (45)	5.32	−0.47 (−0.87, −0.08)	0.020	−0.41 (−0.79, −0.02)	0.039
Parental monthly income^e
≤ regional minimum salary (63)	5.62	reference	0.122	reference	0.130
> regional minimum salary (19)	5.24	−0.38 (−0.86, 0.10)	0.122	−0.34 (−0.78, 0.10)	0.130
Children < 5y in the household
1 (68)	5.45	reference	0.055	reference	0.021
2 or more (15)	5.96	0.51 (−0.01, 1.02)	0.055	0.59 (0.09, 1.09)	0.021
URTI symptoms^f
No (61)	5.44	reference	0.118
Yes (22)	5.81	0.36 (−0.09, 0.82)	0.118
Exposure to cigarette smoke
No (48)	5.46	reference	0.333	reference	0.127
Yes (35)	5.66	0.20 (−0.21, 0.61)	0.333	0.29 (−0.08, 0.67)	0.127
Wood-fuelled stove in home
No (74)	5.62	reference	0.020	reference	0.005
Yes (9)	4.87	−0.76 (−1.39, − 0.12)	0.020	−0.91 (−1.53, −0.28)	0.005
M. catarrhalis carriage
No (35)	5.26	reference	0.019	reference	0.053
Yes (48)	5.74	0.48 (0.08, 0.88)	0.019	0.37 (−0.01, 0.74)	0.053
S. pneumoniae carriage
No (35)	5.31	reference	0.056	reference	0.229
Yes (48)	5.71	0.39 (−0.01, 0.80)	0.056	0.23 (−0.15, 0.61)	0.229
S. aureus carriage
No (81)	5.53	reference	0.734
Yes (2)	5.76	0.23 (−1.10, 1.56)	0.734

^aH. influenzae density reported in log₁₀ genome equivalents/ml
^bCoefficient is the difference in means determined by linear regression
^cAdjusted for residence type, maternal education, income, 2 or more children <5y, cigarette smoke exposure, wood-fuelled stove, M. catarrhalis carriage, and S. pneumoniae carriage
^dStunting (chronic undernutrition) defined as length/height-for-age z-score below − 2 standard deviations of the median
^eRegional minimum salary rates (2016) were 1,800,725 Indonesian rupiah (IDR) in Padang, 2,626,940 IDR in Bandung, and 1,550,000 IDR in Lombok
^fUpper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms include rhinorrhea, cough, and/or tonsillitis

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ISSN: 2200-6133

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