Table 1 Socio-demographic, environmental, nutritional, and disease-related characteristics of 2–59 months old children. Adama, Ethiopia, 2021
Variables | Pneumonia status | |
|---|---|---|
Cases, n (%) | Controls, n (%) | |
Age | ||
2–11 months | 52 (44.1) | 49 (41.2) |
12–35 months | 33 (28.0) | 32 (26.9) |
36–59 months | 33 (28.0) | 38 (31.9) |
Sex | ||
Male | 70 (59.3) | 69 (58.0) |
Female | 48 (40.7) | 50 (42.0) |
Birth order | ||
1st | 26 (22.0) | 22 (18.5) |
2nd | 48 (40.7) | 46 (38.6) |
3rd and above | 44 (37.3) | 41 (34.4) |
Family size | ||
< 5 | 12 (10.2) | 43 (36.1) |
≥ 5 | 106 (89.8) | 76 (63.9) |
Area of residence | ||
Urban | 56 (47.5) | 82 (68.9) |
Rural | 62 (52.5) | 37 (31.1) |
Age of mother | ||
18–24 years | 50 (42.4) | 49 (41.2) |
25–34 years | 40 (33.9) | 43 (36.1) |
≥ 35 years | 28 (23.7) | 27 (22.7) |
Marital status of mother | ||
Married | 113 (95.8) | 111 (93.3) |
Unmarried | 5 (4.2) | 8 (6.7) |
Education status of mother | ||
No formal education | 63 (53.4) | 57 (47.9) |
Primary | 41 (34.7) | 47 (39.5) |
Secondary and above | 14 (11.9) | 15 (12.6) |
Education status of father | ||
No formal education | 64 (54.2) | 28 (23.5) |
Primary | 15 (12.7) | 16 (13.4) |
Secondary and above | 39 (33.1) | 75 (63.0) |
Mother’s occupation | ||
Housewife | 88 (74.6) | 80 (67.2) |
Civil servant | 16 (13.6) | 19 (16.0) |
Merchant | 10 (6.8) | 13 (10.9) |
Others | 4 (5.1) | 7 (5.9) |
Father’s occupation | ||
Farmer | 46 (39.0) | 40 (33.6) |
Civil servant | 26 (22.0) | 32 (26.9) |
Merchant | 14 (11.9) | 18 (15.1) |
Daily laborer | 24 (20.3) | 20 (16.8) |
Others | 8 (6.8) | 9 (7.6) |
Household monthly income | ||
< 2500 birr | 45 (38.1) | 55 (46.2) |
2500–5000 birr | 66 (55.9) | 39 (32.8) |
> 5000 birr | 7 (5.9) | 25 (21.0) |
Mainly used room for cooking | ||
Separate kitchen | 69 (58.5) | 91 (76.5) |
Living room | 49 (41.5) | 28 (23.5) |
Child stay during cooking | ||
Inside cooking room | 26 (22.0) | 24 (22.0) |
Outside cooking room | 92 (78.0) | 95 (78.0) |
Presence of window | ||
Yes | 65 (55.1) | 79 (66.4) |
No | 53 (44.9) | 40 (33.6) |
Source of water | ||
Pipe water | 115 (97.5) | 114 (95.8) |
Others | 3 (2.5) | 5 (4.2) |
Hand washing before child feeding | ||
Only water | 39 (33.1) | 34 (28.6) |
Water and soap | 79 (66.9) | 85 (71.4) |
Cigarette smoking in the house | ||
Yes | 13 (11.0) | 18 (15.1) |
No | 105 (89.0) | 101 (84.9) |
Mostly used fuel for cooking | ||
Electricity | 17 (14.4) | 34 (28.6) |
Stove or gasoil | 37 (31.4) | 48 (40.3) |
Charcoal | 34 (28.8) | 24 (20.2) |
Wood or dung | 30 (25.4) | 13 (10.9) |
Domestic animals in the house | ||
Yes | 26 (22.0) | 22 (18.5) |
No | 92 (78.0) | 97 (81.5) |
Breast feeding up to 6 months | ||
Exclusive | 94 (79.7) | 108 (90.8) |
Non-exclusive | 24 (20.3) | 11 (9.2) |
Current breast-feeding status | ||
Yes | 69 (58.5) | 65 (54.6) |
No | 49 (41.5) | 54 (45.4) |
Age when complementary feeding started | ||
Before 6 months | 24 (20.3) | 11 (9.2) |
After 6 months | 75 (63.6) | 85 (71.4) |
Not started | 19 (16.1) | 23 (19.3 |
Zinc supplementation | ||
Yes | 20 (16.9) | 22 (18.5) |
No | 98 (83.1) | 97 (81.5) |
Malnutrition | ||
Yes | 52 (44.1) | 14 (11.8) |
No | 66 (55.9) | 105 (88.2) |
Vaccination status | ||
Adequate | 87 (73.7) | 104 (87.4) |
Inadequate | 31 (26.3) | 15 (12.6) |
HIV status | ||
Negative | 108 (91.5) | 56 (47.1) |
Positive | 10 (8.5) | 0 (0.0) |
Not determined | 0 (0.0) | 63 (52.9) |
Diabetic | ||
Yes | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) |
No | 117 (99.2) | 119 (100.0) |
Diarrhea in the past 2 weeks | ||
Yes | 54 (45.8) | 27 (22.7) |
No | 64 (54.2) | 92 (77.3) |
URTI in the past 2 weeks | ||
Yes | 99 (83.9) | 70 (58.8) |
No | 19 (16.1) | 49 (41.2) |
Pneumonia in the family in the past 2 weeks | ||
Yes | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) |
No | 116 (98.3) | 119 (100.0) |
History of measles illness | ||
Yes | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.8) |
No | 116 (98.3) | 118 (99.2) |
History of Parental Asthma | ||
Yes | 6 (5.1) | 5 (4.2) |
No | 112 (94.9) | 114 (95.8) |