Table 2 Factors associated with pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in Adama, Ethiopia, 2021

Family size

 < 5

12 (10.2)

43 (36.1)

1

1

 ≥ 5

106 (89.8)

76 (63.9)

5 (2.47, 10.11)

3.08 (1.23, 7.71)

Area of residence

 Urban

56 (47.5)

82 (68.9)

1

1

 Rural

62 (52.5)

37 (31.1)

2.45 (1.44, 4.17)

0.58 (0.2, 1.68)

Education status of father

 No formal education

64 (54.2)

28 (23.5)

4.4 (2.44, 7.92)

4.88 (1.77, 13.46)

 Primary

15 (12.7)

16 (13.4)

1.8 (0.81, 4.03)

1.56 (0.47, 5.19)

 Secondary and above

39 (33.1)

75 (63.0)

1

1

Household monthly income

 < 2500 birr

45 (38.1)

55 (46.2)

2.92 (1.16, 7.38)

3.94 (1.06, 14.6)

 2500–5000 birr

66 (55.9)

39 (32.8)

6.04 (2.39, 15.27)

2.14 (0.44, 10.4)

 > 5000 birr

7 (5.9)

25 (21.0)

1

1

Mainly used room for cooking

 Separate kitchen

69 (58.5)

91 (76.5)

1

1

 Living room

49 (41.5)

28 (23.5)

2.31 (1.32, 4.04)

1.09 (0.49, 2.44)

Presence of window in the house

 Yes

65 (55.1)

79 (66.4)

1

1

 No

53 (44.9)

40 (33.6)

1.61 (0.95, 2.72)

1.57 (0.76, 3.27)

Mostly used fuel for cooking

 Electricity

17 (14.4)

34 (28.6)

1

1

 Stove or gasoil

37 (31.4)

48 (40.3)

1.54 (0.75, 3.18)

1.89 (0.73, 4.9)

 Charcoal

34 (28.8)

24 (20.2)

2.83 (1.3, 6.2)

7.03 (2.38, 20.78)

 Wood or dung

30 (25.4)

13 (10.9)

4.62 (1.93, 11.05)

6.58 (2.07, 20.9)

Breast feeding up to 6 months

 Exclusive

94 (79.7)

108 (90.8)

1

1

 Non-exclusive

24 (20.3)

11 (9.2)

2.51 (1.17, 5.39)

0.9 (0.32, 2.52)

Presence of malnutrition

 Yes

52 (44.1)

14 (11.8)

5.11 (3.04, 11.5)

4.77 (1.89, 12.06)

 No

66 (55.9)

105 (88.2)

1

1

Diarrhea in the past 2 weeks

 Yes

54 (45.8)

27 (22.7)

2.88 (1.64, 5.04)

3.3 (1.52, 7.14)

 No

64 (54.2)

92 (77.3)

1

1

URTI in the past 2 weeks

 Yes

99 (83.9)

70 (58.8)

3.65 (1.98, 6.73)

3.29 (1.31, 8.23)

 No

19 (16.1)

49 (41.2)

1

1

Vaccination status

 Adequate

87 (73.7)

104 (87.4)

1

1

 Inadequate

31 (26.3)

15 (12.6)

2.47 (1.25, 4.87)

1.85 (0.75, 4.56)