Table 3 Risk factors for pneumonia in intermediate and final regression models

 HIV infection

356

30.3

147

52.3

2.13

(1.48, 3.07)

2.06

(1.44,3.08)

<0.001

 History of coryza

283

23.5

120

43.2

2.3

(1.62,3.26)

2.09

(1.44,3.03)

<0.001

 Splenomegaly

81

6.8

46

17.2

2.34

(1.44,3.81)

2.04

(1.17,3.41)

0.009

 Anaemia

607

51.1

202

72.4

1.88

(1.31,2.68)

1.91

(1.31,2.74)

0.001

 Malaria

155

13.2

9

3.2

0.17

(0.08,0.36)

0.12

(0.06,0.29)

<0.001

 Presence of BCG scar

1030

88

207

81.5

0.58

(0.37,0.90)

0.51

(0.32,0.82)

0.005

 None

1180

98.3

248

89.21

1

1

<0.001

  > 2 yrs. ago

4

0.3

17

6.1

20.39

(5.08, 81.79)

17.13

(5.01, 60.26)

  < 2 yrs. ago

16

1.3

13

4.7

5.26

(1.86, 14.84)

4.65

(1.66, 12.54)

  < 4.0

677

60.2

141

52.4

0.7

(0.64, 1.69)

–

 4.0–5.6

397

35.3

118

43.4

1

–

 5.7–6.4

29

2.6

3

1.1

0.27

(0.07, 1.00)

–

  > 6.5

21

1.9

7

2.6

1.15

(0.35, 3.72)

–

  < 22

200

16.8

65

24.1

1

1

<0.001

 22–23

179

15

86

31.9

1.45

(0.99, 2.13)

1.92

(1.19, 3.11)

 24–25

239

20.1

65

24.1

0.8

(0.53, 1.20)

1.02

(0.62, 1.67)

 26–27

292

24.5

34

12.6

0.34

(0.21, 0.53)

0.53

(0.30, 0.94)

 28+

281

23.6

20

7.4

0.21

(0.12, 0.35)

0.38

(0.20, 0.72)

  None

221

18.4

72

25.9

1

  1–6 years

244

20.3

63

22.7

0.61

(0.40, 0.93)

–

  Primary

313

26

65

23.4

0.44

(0.28, 0.68)

–

  Secondary

310

25.8

64

23

0.41

(0.26, 0.65)

–

  Tertiary

114

9.5

14

5

0.26

(0.13, 0.51)

–

  Unemployed

423

35.2

86

30.9

1

  Employed

715

59.5

187

67.3

1.47

(1.05, 2.05)

–

  In Education

64

5.3

5

1.8

0.43

(0.16, 1.14)

–

More than one ventilations in cooking room^c (n = 1036)

812

78.4

171

70.1

0.61

(0.44, 0.85)

–

  None smoker

697

58

117

42.1

1

<0.001

  Passive smoker

177

14.7

31

11.2

0.92

(0.59, 1.44)

0.86

(0.51, 1.57)

  Ex-smoker

88

7.3

31

11.2

2.9

(1.76, 4.77)

2.44

(1.38, 4.72)

  Recent ex-smoker

12

1

12

4.3

7.57

(3.19, 17.98)

10.4

(3.49, 35.38)

  Current smoker

228

19

87

31.3

2.24

(1.48, 3.40)

2.19

(1.39, 3.70)

  0

885

80.3

153

65.1

1

  1–5

113

10.3

36

15.3

1.82

(1.11, 2.99)

–

  6–10

50

4.5

22

9.4

2.11

(1.11, 4.01)

–

  11–15

28

2.5

8

3.4

1.47

(0.60, 3.62)

–

  16–20

11

1

11

4.7

4.53

(1.73, 11.83)

–

  20+

15

1.4

5

2.1

2.16

(0.71, 6.58)

–

  Khat

42

3.5

31

11.2

2.42

(1.40, 4.18)

3.44

(1.72, 7.15)

<0.001

  Snuff

48

4

23

8.3

2.79

(1.57, 4.99)

2.67

(1.35, 5.49)

0.005

  Muratina

2

0.2

4

1.4

8.61

(1.42, 52.2)

–

  Alcohol

218

18.1

84

30.2

1.46

(1.01, 2.08)

–

 Work and lives in different locations

317

26.4

87

31.3

1.49

(1.08, 2.07)

1.66

(1.13, 2.57)

0.011

 Visited a disco in the last 2 weeks

36

3

3

1.1

0.29

(0.08, 0.97)

0.16

(0.05, 0.81)

0.024

 Visited a café in last 2 weeks

131

10.9

53

19.1

2.31

(1.57, 3.40)

1.82

(1.08, 2.85)

0.024

 Used a matatu in last 2 weeks

947

78.9

199

71.6

0.59

(0.43, 0.81)

0.46

(0.31, 0.68)

<0.001

 Exposure to ducks

12

1

9

3.2

3.03

(1.18, 7.78)

4.14

(1.28, 13.46)

0.018

 Exposure to goats

219

18.2

76

27.3

1.56

(1.09, 2.23)

1.69

(1.16, 2.59)

0.007

 Exposure to chickens

471

39.2

143

51.4

1.48

(1.08, 2.03)

–

 Exposure to monkeys

3

0.2

5

1.8

8.73

(1.92, 39.63)

–