Table 4 Risk factors for pneumonia by sex

 HIV-infected

2.67

(1.51, 4.71)

0.001

3.06

(1.66, 5.64)

<0.001

 History of coryza

2.36

(1.42, 3.92)

0.001

2.30

(1.26, 4.18)

0.006

 Splenomegaly

2.24

(1.07, 4.72)

0.033

3.44

(1.55, 7.64)

0.002

 Anemia

2.32

(1.34, 4.00)

0.003

3.25

(1.70, 6.20)

<0.001

 Malaria

0.04

(0.01, 0.16)

<0.001

0.15

(0.05, 0.48)

0.001

 Presence of BCG scar

0.33

(0.16, 0.69)

0.003

 Pneumonia >2 yrs. ago

8.35

(1.07, 65.25)

<0.001

26.57

(4.80, 147.21)

<0.001

 Pneumonia <2 yrs. ago

17.99

(3.77, 85.73)

3.19

(0.63, 16.18)

 TB >2 yrs. ago

4.38

(1.18, 16.31)

0.033

–

 TB <2 yrs. ago

7.51

(0.72, 77.95)

–

  < 22

1

<0.001

–

 22–23

2.60

(1.26, 5.36)

–

 24–25

0.94

(0.44, 2.00)

 26–27

0.47

(0.20, 1.10)

–

 28+

0.18

(0.07, 0.48)

–

 Smoking

0.001

  Passive smoker

2.12

(0.68, 6.68)

–

  Ex-smoker

3.00

(1.37, 6.54)

–

  Recent ex-smoker

13.06

(2.86, 59.58)

–

  Current smoker

2.79

(1.57, 4.98)

–

Khat (miraa)

4.85

(2.07, 11.38)

<0.001

–

Snuff

–

4.34

(1.87, 10.05)

0.001

Contact

Exposure to chickens

2.47

(1.46, 4.17)

0.001

Exposure to ducks

–

7.59

(1.47, 39.16)

0.015

Exposure to sheep

–

6.91

(1.02, 46.69)

0.047